Array processor having a segmented bus system

ABSTRACT

An array processor on integrated circuit chip. The array processor has a plurality of memories and a segmented bus system, wherein each segment is selectively connectable to other segments and wherein each segment has a plurality of selectable data paths. A segment is connected to each array processor and each memory whereby a plurality of selectable data paths are provided between each processor and other processors, between each processor and each memory and between each memory and other memories.

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/718,516, filed May 21, 2015, which is acontinuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/903,470, filed May 28, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,047,440, which is acontinuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/289,296, filed Nov. 4, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,471,493, which is acontinuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/371,040, filed on Feb. 13, 2009 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,058,899, which isa continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser.No. 10/398,546, filed Jan. 20, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,595,659, whichis the National Stage of International Patent Application Serial No.PCT/EP01/11593, filed on Oct. 8, 2001, which claims priority fromProvisional Application Ser. No. 60/238,855, filed Oct. 6, 2000, theentire contents of each of which are expressly incorporated herein byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to logic cell arrays.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Logic cell arrays, such as, for example, reconfigurable logic cellarrays include, as particular types, systolic arrays, neuronal networks,multi-processor systems, processors having a number of arithmetic-logicunits, and/or logic cells and/or communicative/peripheral cells (I/O),networking and/or network chips, such as crossbar switches, as well asFPGA, DPGA, Xputer, Chameleon chips, etc. The following patents commonlyassigned to the assignee of the present application describe logic cellarrays and are incorporated by reference in their entirety: GermanPatent No. 44 16 881; German Patent No. 197 81 412; German Patent No.197 81 483; German Patent No. 196 54 846, German Patent No. 196 54 593;German Patent No. 197 04 044; German Patent No. 198 80 129, GermanPatent No. 198 61 088, German Patent No. 199 80 312; InternationalPatent Application No. PCT/DB 00/01869; German Patent No. 100 36 627,German Patent No. 100 28 397, German Patent No. 101 10 530, GermanPatent No. 101 11 014, International Patent Application No. PCT/EP00/10516, and European Patent No. 01 102 674. According to their widevariety, logic cells are herein defined as any cells that contain logic,arithmetic, switches, memory, or peripherals.

In systems such as those previously cited, there are approaches thatenable in efficient processing of data which may be implemented inhardware architectures. There nevertheless exists in practicalimplementations the need to optimize designs, which, in particular, canbe structured in a space-saving manner on a wafer and/or can be operatedin an energy-saving manner. Additionally, it is desirable to findespecially advantageous kinds of operation. One of the difficulties withconventional systems is that a large number of cells have to communicatewith each other. The communication may be required in order to pass thedata to be processed from one cell to another. This is the case, forexample, if a cell is supposed to further process the results fromanother cell, e.g., by linking of the result obtained there to resultsobtained from one or more other cells. Furthermore, communication may berequired to transmit status signals.

Busses for transmitting signals to one of a number of possible receivershave been used in this context. Busses are bundles of wires, the numberof wires typically being determined from the number of bits to betransmitted together, that is, typically in parallel, plus in some casesa series of status lines.

With conventional simple busses, as are used, for example, in PC's forthe communication of plug-in boards with the CPU and/or with each other,the bus lines may be routed to all receivers, and then appropriatecontrol signals transmitted along with them, that is, addressing,ensures that only those receivers respond that are supposed to receivethe data. Such a system becomes problematic when a great manycommunicating units need access to the bus or busses. This is becausethe communication of data must wait, if necessary, until the bus hasbeen released by other units and/or time-slice solutions must beimplemented that grant a transmitting unit only a certain transmissiontime, which as a rule is independent of whether all data has beentransmitted in this time, which might also make it necessary to use anumber of time slices for the data transmission. For example, thisapproach is practiced in systems like the token ring network. In systemslike logic cell arrays, in which very rapid communication is desired inorder to ensure high data processing speeds, this is an undesirablesolution.

It has also been proposed that the busses be segmented. If, for example,in a series of logic cells several units to be connected to each otherare disposed close together in pairs, a bus line that passes along allunits and consequently is long may be separated by means of switches inorder to form several subbus systems. In this context, each segment,like the entire bus, comprises the required number of parallel datalines and the additionally required protocol lines; the communication ofa pair of logic cells that are disposed close together does not disruptthe communication of another pair that are disposed close together. Inthis way, the data rate that is transmitted via the bus system may besubstantially increased.

However, this system may not work well when integrated on semiconductorchips, such as in CMOS technology, where the structure is typicallycomplex and the operation is energy inefficient.

SUMMARY

According to example embodiments of the present invention, in a logiccell array having a number of logic cells and a segmented bus system forlogic cell communication, the bus system includes different segmentlines having shorter and longer segments for connecting two points inorder to be able to minimize the number of bus elements traversedbetween separate communication start and end points.

By configuring the busses using segments of great length that arefashioned as a single line for bypassing long paths in a logic cellarray, an especially simple design and an especially efficient operationresult. By simultaneously providing short segment lines, it is ensuredthat all points are addressable as needed.

Each of the segment lines may be formed of a plurality of parallel lineswhose number is determined by the bus width and/or the bus protocol.Each segment is therefore formed by a bundle of parallel lines. Alllines of a segment may have the same length, so that the lines of a linebundle may all be routed to one and the same end point line, such as adata input of a logic cell, where they may be connected to the inputmembers that are assigned to each of their bits.

According to one example embodiment, data conversion logic cells likearithmetic units have three of the line bundles that are required forthe processed bit width to be supplied to them as data supply lines.This permits carrying out a linking of operands A, B, C of the A×B+Ctype within the cell. This operation is of particular significance inthe field of digital signal processing, and the bus structure istherefore especially suitable for logic cell arrays for the constructionof real-time configurable DSP arrays.

According to another example embodiment, a logic cell array can performarithmetically multiplicative linking of operands if at least two of theline bundles for data for the bit width being processed are led out fromthe cells, in particular with one line bundle for high-order bits andone line bundle for low-order bits. In this way, for a data word widthof 32 bits, a 64-bit-wide output is created in order to output theresult of a multiplication in full width.

In reconfigurable logic cells, control inputs may be addressable inparticular via the segmentable bus system and are disposed in such amanner that at least the logic cell's sequence control signals, such asthe signals Reset, Step, Stop, Go and Reload, are transferable into thecell. These trigger and/or enable a reset, a reconfiguration and anactivation, respectively. For this purpose a corresponding number of bitlines may be provided. In one embodiment, at least two bit-wide datalines are therefore provided for control signal inputs. Each of thecontrol signals may have a separate signal input assigned to it.Alternatively, an input linking circuit on a several-bit-wide statusline may provide for an orderly addressing of the cell. These signalinputs are control signal inputs that can carry the signals that controlconfiguration and/or reconfiguration (flow control signals), such astrigger signals. The actual communication of the cell with the unit or areconfiguring unit, such as a configuration manager (CT or CM) may thusbe achieved by techniques, for example, via the so-called ready/ack/rejprotocol, which permits a reconfiguration of the cell only under certainconditions. For the details of this protocol, reference is made to theabove-listed patents and additional publicly accessible documents aboutXPP/VPU architecture.

In the case of rebooting. The bus structure may be designed for thisaccordingly.

Furthermore, the bus system may be routed to I/O interfaces and/or toexternal data memories. In other words, the segmentation structure maybe used to advantage both inside and outside the logic cell field. I/Ointerfaces transmit from bus systems that are inside chips to theoutside. In this context any bus systems, in some cases alternating intime, are connected for external output and/or input. In addition, thepossibility may exist of combining several bus systems in such a mannerthat they are synchronized with each other. For example, any two outputbus systems or an input bus and an output bus together may besynchronized.

In an example embodiment of the bus system, a series of interlineelements is provided. Here “line” indicates in particular a first-classconductor, such as a continuous metal line within a semiconductor wafer.“Interline elements” indicate those elements that are disposed betweenany two lines that are assigned to each other. Interline elements may beconnecting switches, in particular the control arrangements that respondto the requirements of logic cells and/or the communication thereofand/or other units; thus, the switch may, for example, open or close atthe request of a configuration manager, that is, a unit that configuresthe logic cell field. This makes it possible to use a compiler toestablish how the bus structure is to be designed. In particular thecompiler or another configuring or controlling unit is able to determinewhether the communication between two cells that are separated is to beaccomplished via segment lines having shorter or longer segments, andmoreover, if there are a number of longer segments, a preference mayalso be specified through which one of a multiplicity of segment linesthe communication is to occur. In this way, the power loss through theswitch may be minimized and/or an optimal adaptation of the dataconversion and/or processing to signal propagation times may be providedalong the bus lines.

The interline elements may additionally or alternatively includemultiplexers in order to feed a signal from a line to one of a series ofdestinations, such as logic cells, and/or lines that continue furtherand feed the signal to a multiplicity of destinations, in particularselectable destinations, simultaneously.

Furthermore, registers may be provided as interline elements. Theseperform different tasks. In this manner data may at first be kept on thebus until a destination is ready to retrieve them. Furthermore, whenbusses are very long, data processing can be prevented from beingproperly completed if the long periods of time until the data arrive atthe destination when paths are long and (in some cases) the return ofthe reception confirmation is taken into account. Buffering the data inregisters increases the total amount of time (delay) until a data packettraverses the bus, but the interim time until arrival of the data(latency) in which the array or individual cells may not be usedmeaningfully is reduced. A tradeoff between latency and delay may berequired, in which the register is switched in, for example, only underpredetermined and/or established conditions, such as very long buspaths. It may then be advantageous if the switching on of the registeris controlled, e.g., by a control unit or similar item, like aconfiguration manager, which in turn is able to operate in response tocompiler-generated commands. Furthermore, it may be advantageous toprovide a register in order to ensure a synchronous arrival of bits ofdifferent significance at a destination point. If busses are fed back,that is, a connection is provided from a cell output to the input of thesame cell, registers may be used in such high-frequency feedback loops,to prevent damage to components by the register-imposed delay time.

In a particular implementation, registers may be designed all or in partas additive and/or multiplicative registers; specific links may beimplemented without problem and with little circuitry effort, and, thus,the logic cell structure may be relieved on a net basis via shifting ofsimple linking tasks. In particular, a register may be designedprecisely for the purpose of linking two operands algebraically; inbusses for transmitting status signals that indicate the status of alogic cell or a series of logic cells and/or trigger a change thereof,that is, in busses for so-called trigger vectors, the registers maypreferably be designed to implement Boolean links and/or lookup tables,such as modifiable lookup tables.

Line drivers can also be provided as interline elements.

This may be necessary in particular for multiplex systems that provide avery strong signal fanout.

In another example embodiment of the present invention, it is possibleto provide a change from one segment line having longer segments to asegment line having shorter segments and/or vice-versa along a datatransmission path. This permits the provision of roughly equal signalpropagation times for the communication of a larger number of cells inthe same direction, that is, along the same bus structure, via anappropriate combination of short and long segments, even if bufferregisters are provided. The bus structure in this context is comparableto a street that has fast lanes and crawler lanes and enables a lanechange at predetermined intermediate positions.

In yet another example embodiment, the bus system may include amultiplicity of parallel segment lines in which several parallel segmentlines are provided with longer segments. The longer segments of thesegment lines that have longer segments do not all need to be of thesame length; a staggered arrangement may be provided.

When there is a greater number of parallel segment lines, the segmentline ends and/or interline elements may be disposed within the segmentlines at an offset in relation to each other in the bus direction.Typically, interline elements, such as, switches, registers,multiplexers and drivers are provided at the segment line ends or leads.The hardware technology implementation of these elements then requiressubstantial space, which may be considerable compared to that of thelines to be disposed in the intermediate layers. The offset dispositionof these elements then ensures that space has to be provided only forinterline element arrays of, for example, two or three segment lines,but not for interline element dispositions of all available segmentlines. Also it is possible not to provide drivers or registers for allinterline element dispositions, but only to provide them every nthsegment end. However, in this case, it is advantageous that at leastthree segment lines that have longer segments for at least two segmentlines have segment line switching circuits, in particular multiplexersprovided at predetermined positions as interline elements. In this way,the desired segment change may be configured as required. Segmentchanges occur at crossings and are possible among segment pairs orsegment groups that vary along the bus. It is then possible that thesegment line switching circuits for the change from a first to a secondsegment line are provided at a first position and the segment lineswitching circuits for the switch from a second to a third segment lineat a second position.

In addition to switching by pairs, it is also possible to select, at aposition or a multiplicity of positions, among several segment lines toswitch to and/or to which data are simultaneously output.

In an additional aspect of the present invention, two-way communicationof the cells is possible for the logic cell array. In bus systems havinginterline elements, such as drivers and/or registers, directions oftravel are defined. In order to enable the communication of the cells intwo directions, separate bus systems are provided for opposite runningdirections. At least in one direction, it is once again possible toprovide at least two different segment lines with shorter and longersegments, in particular ones that are once again generally parallel.

If the segment lines are separate for the two directions of travel, aregister may be provided for at least one direction of travel. Asexplained above, the register may be provided in the bus system that isrouted in the reverse direction, i.e., to that bus system, with whichsignals may be routed back from an element output to an element input.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a first bus systemmay be provided for the transmission of data to be processed and asecond bus system may be provided for the transmission of status and/ormonitoring or control information. One or both bus systems may be formedwith segment lines having short and long segments, and the respectivebus systems or bus arrays may be configurable separately from eachother, or definable in their circuitry and/or regarding the operationsin linking registers or the output of lookup tables.

The bus system may be used in a logic cell array in which a plurality oflogic cells are arranged adjacent to each other in a row. The longersegments then bypass at least one logic cell. If the logic cell arrayincludes even more logic cells in a row, the longest segments may bypassmore than one logic cell.

It should be pointed out that, in at least two-dimensional logic fieldshaving a disposition of logic cells in rows and columns, a segmented bussystem may be provided in each row and each column and have thepreviously described structure having long and short segments inparallel segment lines.

The described bus structure may be advantageous in arrays in which dataprocessing units, such as logic units, are to be linked to each other.However, special advantages are offered if the logic cells are selectedfrom, include and/or form arithmetic-logic units, DPGA's, Kress arrays,systolic processors and RAW machines, digital signal processors (DSP's)that have more than one arithmetic-logic unit, configurable(programmable) logic cells or other cores and/or PAE's, ALU,input/output (I/O) functions and/or memory management units (I/O) andmemories. A successful implementation of a bus structure having segmentlines that have short and long segments is the VPU/XPP processor unitproduced by the applicant.

Such a processor may have a multiplicity of different communicatinglogic units disposed in an array, the logic units having at least memorystorage and data conversion units and the memory units being disposedclose to the edge of the array. This makes it possible to have data runthrough the array and be buffered, if necessary, at the edge in order tobring about reconfiguration as required. The flow may also occur viaparallel rows or columns and/or in a meandering way, in order to therebyprovide increased computing power.

Additionally, input/output units may be disposed closer to the edge thanthe storage units. This allows the buffering of data before processingby passing through the array. However, in any case communication of thelogic units, at least from edge to edge, for at least one bus system tobe provided that is, in particular, segmentable as previously described.Then, data read from a first memory that is close to the edge may bechanged as required in a first data conversion unit that is close tothis edge, and transferred from there into at least one other dataconversion unit in order to carry out further data modifications asrequired. The data, after flowing through a plurality of data conversionunits into a second memory close to the edge may be stored at a positiondistant from the first memory, and then a reconfiguration of the dataconversion units may be carried out for the re-determination of the dataconversion, and the data may be routed through at least one part of thedata conversion units, possibly in the opposite direction of travel. Itmay also be provided that the outgoing run is made in a row and thereturn run in that row or a row situated beneath it in order to takeinto consideration pipeline effects.

The processor may have at least one programmable gate array (PGA) andseveral data modification units having ALU's. At least one PGA may besurrounded by other data conversion units, in particular ALU's, in orderto be able to obtain data easily for linking purposes and/or outputthem.

It is possible that, in an array made up of reconfigurable units,several (sub-) arrays, particularly identical ones, are provided thatmay be brought into communication with each other. For this purpose,each may include a reconfiguration unit that may be designed forreconfiguration of the reconfigurable element of the array. Runninginside the array are the bus structures appropriately described above. Aconfiguration manager, which may in particular be disposed on an arrayside on which no memory units and/or I/O units are provided is thusassigned to each array, the reconfiguration unit may extend over thebreadth of the array, which offers the advantage that an optimal chipform may be produced.

A supervising configuration manager which is common to the arrays andwhich extends in particular over the breadth of more than one array andwhich is designed for communication with at least several or all of thesupervising configuration managers, may also be provided.

Alternatively or additionally, given such a processor having arrays thatmay be brought into communication with each other, in particularidentical ones that have reconfigurable data conversion units, it ispossible for the arrays to have switching units (VPAE's) between themthat are disposed among the fields for communication switching.

Using such switching units (VPAE's), data and/or control signals(monitoring signals, trigger vectors, etc.) may be transmitted.

The configuration units of at least two of the arrays may be in directconnection with each other. As a result, a supervising configurationunit may be omitted and/or a fault tolerance may be increased. For thispurpose, the communication of the configuration units of the at leasttwo arrays that are in direct connection with each other is determinedvia dedicated fixed lines and/or data lines that are pre-configured,that is, established during bootup.

The switching units (VPAE's) may include two configuration registers,the first configuration register being addressable by the first arrayand the second configuration register being addressable by the secondarray. Only if access to the switching units has been permitted for botharrays, is data transmitted accordingly. For this purpose, the firstarray may permit the insertion of data in the switching unit byappropriate configuration of the first configuration register and signalthe insertion of the data to the other configuration units via thededicated line. Afterwards, the data is retrievable, which isascertainable by configuration of the second configuration register. Asluice-like transmission of data is enabled by the VPAE's. Theseparation of a larger array into sub-arrays in other respects generallyallows the reduction of the configuration effort to be handled by aconfiguration unit and as a result may contribute to an efficient arrayoperation that is not impaired by a bottleneck imposed by aconfiguration unit.

The sub-arrays may be brought into communication with each other viamultiple data conversion and/or transfer units (VPAE's) so that no datarate limitation is produced in the data processing.

The geometric hardware may be configured such that thecommunication-enabling data conversion units are connectable on bothsides via busses running along the array, the busses being designed inparticular to run past the array edge and there in particular may berouted further to I/O interface units.

As explained above, the processor may include one or more data relayingrule implementation arrangements, in particular a lookup table that aredesigned to enable relaying of data and in particular data conversion inresponse to the joint fulfillment of a multiplicity of criteria, inparticular event-related criteria. The data to be relayed may inparticular be data or trigger vectors that are involved in thereconfiguration and/or reconfigurability of logic cells. The function orthe conversion of the relevant data relaying rule implementationarrangement is configured accordingly.

The processor may also be configured using segmented bus structures sothat data conversion units and data storage means are provided, at leasta few of the data conversion units being locally assigned data storagearrangement and in particular, an arrangement being provided to locallyread out data that is locally written into the local data storagearrangement for the further local recent data modification. In otherwords, interim results may be stored in a logic cell and be furtherprocessed along with other data and/or using other links.

If there is a reconfiguration of a cell array made up of logic cellsthat are reconfigurable while in operation, which allows in particular areconfiguration in response to the propagation of specificpre-determined data, then one may select whether the reconfigurationoccurs in response to the data propagation for all logic cells intowhich the data that was pre-specified and/or derived therefrom flowand/or only for a part, in particular a processing branch (e.g., anif/then branch), while at least one other branch remains unchanged,which reduces the reconfiguration effort and/or only a sub-chain of alonger row of logic cells, in particular, sequential data-processingones, is reconfigured, such as up to a predetermined logic cell, and/orin order to permit the reconfiguration immediately or after that dataprocessing or further data processing. This substantially increases thepractical use of the wave reconfiguration. It should be mentioned thatsuch a selective wave reconfiguration is possible using only a fewcommands, in particular, for example, the commands Reset, Step, Stop, Goand Reload. Consequently, the number of trigger inputs or control inputsthat are routed to a reconfigurable logic cell, such as a PAE, is small.

The manner in which a logic cell reacts to a specific characteristicdata packet in wave reconfiguration is capable of being pre-loadable.This may happen in particular by pre-loading the lookup tables that areprovided in the busses. The busses in this context may in part be routedvia logic cells and/or formed by and/or with them.

It is possible without any other measures to use the processor arrayhaving the bus system of the present invention in order to approximatethe behavior of non-linear systems quickly and simply in calculations.This may happen by approximations being determined for one row ofworking ranges that are adjacent to each other at one temporary workingrange (n) and at the working ranges that border it below and above((n−1), (n+1)), the parameters that enable the approximations arepre-loaded, the behavior with the central (n) working range isapproximated until that working range is exceeded inside of which theapproximation is suitable, then that approximation (n−1) is used forfurther work which belongs to the working range into which the exceedingproceeded, and the approximation at that working range (n+1) into whichthe exceeding did not proceed is overwritten using an approximation(n−2) that, together with the previously used approximation (n),encompasses the currently used approximation (n−1) or the accompanyingworking range. By overwriting that working range in which the operationvalue is not run, only three variants need to be pre-loaded in order toensure a rapid further processing after the range is exceeded. Becausethe overwriting of the preloaded working range happens during the dataprocessing, a constant data computation is possible during a steadytransition of the operation values without greater leaps or abruptchanges. It is possible that this manner of approximation may nottransferred to multidimensional cases due to operation valueencompassing in more than one direction and corresponding overwriting ofthe intervals that no longer adjoin the current operation value intervalafter the overwriting of an n-dimensional operation value interval.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a logic cell array configured in accordance with an exampleembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a detailed view of the logic cell array having clusters.

FIG. 3 shows an example for a forward register of a configuration busaccording to the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows an example embodiment of the hierarchy of configurationmanagers of a logic cell array according to the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows details of a PAE including data according to an exampleembodiment of the present invention. The three data inputs A B C in thelogic cell, the five trigger inputs for the trigger vectors Reset, Stop,Step, G O and Reload, the two data outputs H(igh) and L(ow) as well asthe status signal outputs UVW and the bus coupling are depicted.

FIG. 6A shows the structure of the logic cell in the block diagramaccording to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6B shows the structure of a register according to an exampleembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6C shows the structure of a reverse register for event signalshaving the optional lookup tables according to an example embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 6D shows a forward register having pre-loading capability accordingto an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows a structure of a memory cell that has an input that isdistinguishable from data conversion logic cells and has acorrespondingly different required bus width according to an exampleembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 shows another detailed view of a reverse register in theconfiguration bus having a lookup table for the implementation ofBoolean links from trigger vector bits according to an exampleembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 shows additional processor details, in particular of the bussesaccording to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 shows an unsynchronized I/O circuit having two busses accordingto an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 shows a synchronized I/O circuit having two busses according toan example embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to FIG. 1, a processor 1, which may form a unit that may becharacterized as an XPP (extreme processing platform), includes twofields or clusters including: a number of arithmetic logic cells(ALU-PAE's=arithmetic logic unit processing array element); memory cells(RAM-PAE's=Random Access Memory processing array element); severalillustrated as four input/output cells (I/O elements, input/outputprocessing array element); a bus system running through each field; anda configuration manager that is assigned to the field, these elementstogether as a cluster forming a unit, which by itself is capable ofprocessing data and doing so as a reconfigurable unit and a higher-orderconfiguration manager being assigned to the two configuration managers(CM) of the cluster in order to form thereby a master cluster or theXPP. It is possible using tree-like hierarchical structures to have morethan two fields of processor elements cooperate. In this manner, ahigher-order configuration may be placed over more than twoconfiguration managers (CM), which on their part are each assigned toonly one individual PAE cluster and/or it may be provided that amultistage configuration manager hierarchy is built up, in which aconfiguration manager central level is actually assigned to firstconfiguration managers (CM) and in turn is placed under one or morehierarchical levels.

FIG. 1 thus depicts the arrangement of the cells to each other in atwo-dimensional matrix and its relative size by way of approximationinsofar as the individual cells are disposed very regularly and inparticular the PAE's, that is, the memory storage and arithmetic logiccells have approximately the same size, which makes it possible to carryout a page addressing in the generally rectangular and/or regular cellstructure having a roughly equal linking to the bus system. The depictedaddressing in this context, however, is arbitrary regarding thedisposition of memories and arithmetic units in relation to each other,insofar as other dispositions, also involving the I/O cells and/or usingstill other elements, are possible and are adaptable to a desiredspecial computing task without any further measures. The illustrationthat is shown is also exemplary in that a three-dimensional dispositionof individual cells within the space is also possible, provided that themanufacturing technology of the semiconductor technology that is usedpermits this.

An individual PAE includes a multiplicity of inputs and outputs. Theindividual PAE is provided, on the one hand, with data inputs andoutputs (A,B,C) and, on the other hand, with control or monitoringinputs and outputs (U,V,W). As is evident from FIG. 1, the PAE's aredisposed in horizontal rows, the cells being connected among themselvesvia a bus system. These horizontal bus systems are connected in thecenter of the field to the PAE's that are situated above and below them,and to be precise with them only above and below in the depictedexample. Thus, the transfer of data and status signals (i.e., controlsignals) upward and downward is accomplished via the PAE's and, asillustrated in FIG. 1, involves a RAM-PAE or an ALU-PAE. Consequently,all types of PAE's may be connected in the same manner to the bus systemand internally wired accordingly. It is also possible to configure theI/O cells for connection to bus lines that are situated one on top ofthe other, unlike what is depicted).

As a result, the PAE's are used for the relaying of data, that is, fordata to be processed as well as control and monitoring data in thevertical direction. The PAE's in this context are configured in such amanner that this relaying may be carried out with or without datamodification.

The data modification may at first be accomplished in the actualfunctional unit of the PAE, e.g., if it is equipped as anarithmetic-logic unit and the data are linked in the arithmetic logicunit. In order to ensure that data may be supplied sufficiently rapidlyto be linked in the cell and bring about an optimal utilization of thecell cycling, three lines A,B,C having the bit width that is able to beprocessed in the cell are routed to the cell as shown in FIG. 5. In thiscontext, a particular additive input length is also possible that allowsdetermining operations of the type (A+B)+C in a time-efficient andspace-efficient manner using the cell results. If no data conversion isrequired, the data may be passed on to the functional unit. In this way,for example, data that are needed in a row further below are passedthrough into it without being subjected to a modification in the PAE. Inthe simultaneous routing of, for example, three data words correspondingto three inputs A, B, C, each may be relayed in different ways.Therefore, it is possible, for example, to relay only the data word toline C unconverted, while A and B are linked to each other in the ALU,for example, by A/B division. Alternatively, two data words may also bererouted, while a data word in the ALU, for example, is linked to aconstant or another value temporarily stored there. The convertibilityto other data word amounts that are simultaneously routed to the PAE mayalso if desired be routed to the PAE as three data words; the individualword in this context has the processor-specific bit width, in thepresent case, for example, 32 bits.

Any inputs and/or outputs of PAE's may be configured using constants ofthe configuration unit (CT/CM). In this context, constants may remainunchanged during the entire operation of a configuration, or beoverwritten during the operation, that is the execution of aconfiguration of new data of the configuration unit (CT/CM) and/or othersources, such as PAE's.

Instead of a linking of all or a part of the data as in the caseinvolving PAE's having ALU's specifically in the RAM-PAE's, a completeor partial memorization and/or a complete or partial relaying may occur.

The relaying of the data, furthermore, may occur while bypassing theactual data conversion PAE core unit, like the ALU, in such a mannerthat a conversion of the data occurs before or during the relaying. Thismay occur by modifying the data while consulting the lookup tables andother linking units, for example, units that sort the relevant datawords according to value. These units may be disposed between the buscoupling and the input into the PAE core unit and configurable in theirfunction, whereupon whether the data are relayed unchanged or not isconfigurable. If they are not relayed unchanged, but rather changed, howthe change occurs within the given possibilities is configured. For thestatus signal relaying in this context the provision of lookup tables isadvantageous, because predetermined output signals may be generated withthem in response to predetermined input signals without any additionalmeasures.

Furthermore, the data relaying of unchanged data may be accomplished ina configurable manner immediately or delayed by register. Theillustrated individual PAE for this purpose has a configurable,connectable forward register and a configurable, connectable reverseregister for the data to be processed and a configurable, connectableforward register and a configurable, connectable reverse register forcontrol data, that is, trigger vectors or status signal and/or controlflow data. It is indicated that registers having increased (temporarymemory) depth, in particular as FIFO registers, would be foreseeable,precisely in order to temporarily store data on a multi-cycle basis.Assigned to the register in question is a configurable multiplexer withwhich the register in question may be connected into the data path orremoved from it, as desired. The multiplexers are also configurable suchthat results from the cell may be connected on the bus as desired andrequired. Therefore, for example, the top and bottom bit word that isobtained in a multiplication are output (H,L) and/or only a result dataword (H) is output and a data word relayed and output on the bus, even adesired exchange (A

H) being configurable. Consequently, a PAE is characterized in thepresent processor model by a structure that has a central functionalitylie an ALU, a RAM and/or, for example, also an FPGA and the additionaldata relaying functionality, possessing a forward and/or reverseregister data relaying functionality comprised of three basic modules,such as FPGA, ALU, RAM and the two (forward/reverse) register datarelaying functionality modules, the latter of these being able toimplement additional functions. Central functionality in this contextdoes not mean spatial central functionality, but rather functionality inthe sense of assigning the central functionality and effect of theparticular PAE. The additional functions, which are implemented via theregister data relaying functionality modules, include in particular, inthe forward register for the data flow, control operations likemultiplexing or demultiplexing and copying and/or other manipulations ofdata. In the reverse register, an ALU functionality may be implementedfor the data flow and/or a Boolean linking of event signals, i.e.,trigger signals. Thus, the PAE is comprised of modules for themanipulation of data streams, for the operative linking and/orgeneration of data packets and the processing for the most part vialogic linking and generation of event packets.

The input/output modules are likewise adapted in their structure in aparticular way to the requirements of the data processing task. For thispurpose, each of the input/output modules is provided with severalchannels, that are able to work independently of each other in theso-called PORT mode (FIG. 10) or in synchronization with each other inthe so-called RAM mode (FIG. 11). Each I/O module may be usedsimultaneously by a plurality of algorithms while using a plurality ofalgorithms, for which sorting algorithms may also be brought in.

In other words, the input/output module (I/O interface) works in memory(RAM) mode (FIG. 11) as an interface to the external memory. In thiscontext, writing data and address data of any channel are synchronized,that is, an external writing operation is started only if both datapackets are present. In reading mode, the I/O unit sorts from externallytransmitted packets back to the internal channels. The switching betweenreading and writing mode may occur, for example, via configuration or,for example, via signals.

The invention claimed is:
 1. Apparatus, comprising: on an integratedcircuit chip: an array of arithmetic processors arranged in a pluralityof rows; a plurality of memory units; an interface unit; a bus systemcomprising segments arranged in a plurality of rows, each segment of arow being selectively connectable to adjacent other segments in a row;each segment providing a plurality of data paths; a segment of each rowbeing connected to only one arithmetic processor in that same row or toonly one memory unit; wherein a segment that is connected to anarithmetic processor of said plurality of arithmetic processors is notconnected to an adjacent arithmetic processor in the same row, butrather is selectively connected an adjacent segment that is in turnconnected to said adjacent arithmetic processor in the same row. 2.Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein each segment further comprisesone or more protocol lines.
 3. Apparatus according to claim 2, whereinthe protocol implemented on said includes ready/ack/rej signals.